Over the past few years, the European Central Bank (ECB) and the national central banks of all EU Member States have worked together towards developing climate change statistical indicators and the corresponding methodological framework.
These indicators help analyse more effectively climate risks that could affect monetary policy, price stability and the financial system. They can also help in gaining a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities we face as we transition to a greener economy. Better and more accessible statistics can also enhance transparency on many climate-related matters.
The climate change indicators produced by the ECB and the national central banks of all EU Member States were first published in January 2023 and cover three areas: sustainable finance, carbon emissions and physical risk. Following continued progress in methodological improvements and inclusion of further details, additional breakdowns of the sustainable finance indicators were introduced in November 2023, September 2024 and November 2025. The carbon emissions and physical risk indicators were updated in April 2024 and November 2025. The latest comprehensive release of indicators, published on 27 November 2025, includes, for the first time, climate change indicators for the Republic of Croatia.
Producing these indicators is complex and they are still subject to limitations. This means that the carbon emissions and physical risk indicators are still of an analytical nature and should be used with due care. On the other hand, the sustainable finance indicators are published as official statistics, the highest level of quality assurance for ECB statistics.
More information
To access climate change statistical indicators, please visit the ECB's website.
The ECB's statistical press release with an overview of the main results for the euro area is available on the ECB's website.
A more detailed overview of the main results for Croatia is available on the CNB's website under Information for users of statistical data.
For further details on the methodologies, data sources and key results, consult the accompanying Statistics Paper and refer to the Technical Annex.
Data access
The aggregated data for the official statistical sustainable finance indicators are published on the ECB Data Portal as part of the CSDB-Derived Securities Issues Statistics (CSEC) and the Securities Holdings Statistics by Sector (SHSS) datasets:
- Securities issues (data are disclosed on a monthly basis and are disseminated around t+10 working days following the end of the reference month);
- Securities holdings (data are disclosed on a quarterly basis and are disseminated around t+2 months following the end of the reference quarter).
The aggregated data for analytical carbon emissions and transition risk indicators and for analytical physical climate risk indicators are available as compressed csv files on the ECB’s website:
- Analytical carbon emissions and transition risk indicators
- Analytical physical climate risk indicators
Analytical indicators will be updated by taking into account improvements to the methodology and the availability of additional data sources.